Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a significant sex dimorphism, with women showing increased susceptibility to disease. This is, at least in part, due to sex-dependent differences in the immune system that are influenced by the complex interplay between sex hormones and sex chromosomes, with contribution from sociological factors, diet and gut microbiota.
- Estrogen is involved in the menstrual cycle, reproductive system, and secondary sexual characteristics. Estrogen, for example, can enhance immune responses by increasing the production of antibodies and promoting inflammation.
- Progesterone is crucial for maintaining pregnancy and modulating immune responses, particularly in pregnancy.
- Testosterone plays a key role in male and female reproductive tissues, muscle mass, and bone density. It has immunosuppressive effects, which may explain lower rates of autoimmune diseases in men. Testosterone supplementation has been investigated as a potential treatment for women with Lupus to reduce disease activity.
- Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as those occurring during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can influence the onset or exacerbation of autoimmune diseases. For example, some women experience a flare in autoimmune symptoms during pregnancy or after childbirth when hormonal levels change dramatically.
Join us on October 9th as Laura Neville ND teaches us about the clinical importance of sex hormones in autoimmune disease.
